by Bambang Adi Prijono
Diabetes
mellitus is a disease in which blood glucose (simple sugar) in the blood is
high because the body can not release or use insulin adequately.
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which is
responsible for maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Well, how much blood
sugar is called high? Blood sugar levels are normal in the morning after the
night before fasting is 70-110 mg / dL of blood. Blood sugar levels are usually
less than 120-140 mg / dL at 2 hours after eating or drinking liquids that
contain sugars and other carbohydrates.
Increased
blood sugar levels after eating or drinking stimulates the pancreas to produce
insulin which prevents blood sugar levels rise further and cause blood sugar
levels slowly decreased.
Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough
insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels or when cells do not respond
appropriately to insulin.
Diabetes
Mellitus type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes)
Diabettes Mellitus Type 2 (diabetes that is not dependent
on insulin, NIDDM)
In patients with type 1 diabetes, there was a condition
called diabetic ketoacidosis. Fat cells are broken down and produces ketones,
which are toxic chemical compounds that can cause the blood to become acidic
(ketoacidosis).
Breathing
becomes deep and rapid as the body attempts to correct the acidity of the
blood.
Patients with type 2 diabetes may not show symptoms for
several years.
A.
Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnosis
is confirmed by the symptoms of diabetes that is 3P (polidipsi, polifagi,
polyuria) and the results of blood tests that showed high levels of blood sugar
(not normal). To measure blood sugar levels, blood samples are usually taken
after the patient fasted for 8 hours or can be taken after meals.
Other
blood tests that can be done is the glucose tolerance test. It is for detecting
diabetes that often occurs in pregnant women.
Patients fasted and blood samples taken to measure fasting
blood sugar levels. Before developing into type 2 diabetes, is usually always
have pre-diabetes, which has symptoms of blood sugar levels higher than normal
but not high enough to diagnose diabetes. However, in some people who have
pre-diabetes, it is likely to be diabetes can be delayed or prevented by
lifestyle changes.
Diabetes and pre-diabetes can occur in people with diverse
ages and races, but there are certain groups who are at higher risk.
B.
Diabetes Complications Can be Deadly
Diabetes
is a disease that had complications (other disease causing) the most. This is
related to high blood sugar levels constant, thus resulting in damage to blood
vessels, nerves and other internal structures.
Complex substances made up of sugar in the blood vessel
wall causes blood vessels to thicken and leak. As a result of this thickening
of the blood flow will be reduced, especially those leading to the skin and
nerves.
Blood
sugar levels are also likely to lead to uncontrolled levels of fatty substances
in the blood increases, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis (fatty plaque
buildup in blood vessels). Atherosclerosis is 2-6 times more common in
diabetics.
Complications are more common and deadly is a heart attack
and stroke.
C.
Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus
The
main goal of diabetes treatment is to maintain blood sugar levels within the
normal range. However, blood sugar levels are normal really difficult to
maintain.
Someone who suffer from obesity and type 2 diabetes will
not require treatment if they lose weight and exercise regularly.
Type
1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin but type 2 can be treated with
insulin replacement oral.Terapi drug, this drug lowers blood sugar by
stimulating the release of insulin by the pancreas and increase its effectiveness.
Per-oral hypoglycemic drugs are usually given to people
with type II diabetes if diet and exercise fail to lower blood sugar levels
adequately.
If the per-oral hypoglycemic medications can not control
blood sugar levels properly, may need insulin injections.
Insulin replacement therapy
Tighter
control can be obtained by combining two types of insulin, the rapid-acting
insulin and the insulin is working. Some people experience resistensiantibodi
to insulin replacement. But the best way to lower cholesterol levels is to
control blood sugar levels and body weight. to insulin. Insulin is not entirely
the same as the insulin produced by the body, so the body can be formed
Monitoring blood sugar levels is an important part of
diabetes treatment. Currently blood sugar levels can be measured easily by the
patients themselves at home using a blood glucose meter. People with diabetes
should record their blood sugar levels and report them to the doctor for medication
or insulin dose can be adjusted Hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) can also occur when people
eat less or not eating on time or doing too much exercise without eating.
Patients with type I diabetes should always carry
glucagon, which can be injected if they can not eat foods that contain sugar.
Without proper treatment, and quickly, coma and even death
can occur. Insulin given intravenously so that it can work immediately and the
dosage adjusted. Glucose, ketones and blood electrolytes were measured every
few hours, so that treatment can be adjusted.
Type 2 diabetes often occurs in people who are obese.
Excess fat will cause resistance to insulin.
